Unknown SPD8020 Clone working with fvdw up to v5.1
Posted: Mon Feb 11, 2013 8:36 am
I recently got my hands on a clone of the Philips SPD8020, sold by Conrad Electronic in Germany under the brand name "Dura NAS". I managed to install the fvdw phi versions 4.0, 4.2 and 5.1 and the NAS works flawlessly with any of these.
I soldered a connector to the NAS to access the bootlog via serial console.
Unfortunately, as soon as i install a version higher than 5.1 (i tried v9.0_5.1lower, v6.0, v10.0, v14.0) the NAS freezes at "done, booting the kernel". "Uncompressing Linux" is done very quickly. My guess is that the image is not uncompressed correctly.
Maybe someone can give me a hint how to solve this problem?
Below are the bootlogs from the original firmware, fvdw v5.1 phi firmware and fvdw v9.0_51lower firmware.
Any help is greatly appreciated.
Bootlog of the Dura NAS firmware:
Bootlog of fvdw v5.1:
Bootlog of fvdw v9.0_5.1lower:
I soldered a connector to the NAS to access the bootlog via serial console.
Unfortunately, as soon as i install a version higher than 5.1 (i tried v9.0_5.1lower, v6.0, v10.0, v14.0) the NAS freezes at "done, booting the kernel". "Uncompressing Linux" is done very quickly. My guess is that the image is not uncompressed correctly.
Maybe someone can give me a hint how to solve this problem?
Below are the bootlogs from the original firmware, fvdw v5.1 phi firmware and fvdw v9.0_51lower firmware.
Any help is greatly appreciated.
Bootlog of the Dura NAS firmware:
- Code: Select all
Bootstrap 02.09
__ __ _ _
| \/ | __ _ _ ____ _____| | |
| |\/| |/ _` | '__\ \ / / _ \ | |
| | | | (_| | | \ V / __/ | |
|_| |_|\__,_|_| \_/ \___|_|_|
_ _ ____ _
| | | | | __ ) ___ ___ | |_
| | | |___| _ \ / _ \ / _ \| __|
| |_| |___| |_) | (_) | (_) | |_
\___/ |____/ \___/ \___/ \__| ** LOADER **
** MARVELL BOARD: RD-88F6082-NAS-PH LE
U-Boot 1.1.4 (Jul 11 2007 - 13:50:32) Marvell version: 2.3.9_3-TINY
U-Boot code: 00200000 -> 0023EE00 BSS: -> 0024CF30
Soc: 88F6082 A1 (DDR1)
CPU running @ 333Mhz
SysClock = 166Mhz , TClock = 133Mhz
DRAM CS[0] base 0x00000000 size 8MB
DRAM CS[1] base 0x01000000 size 8MB
DRAM Total size 16MB 16bit width
[256kB@f8100000] Flash: 256 kB
Addresses 4M - 0M are saved for the U-Boot usage.
Mem malloc Initialization (4M - 3M): Done
CPU : ARM926 (Rev 0)
USB 0: host mode
Warning: Pex0 is Powered Off
Warning: Giga1 is Powered Off
Warning: CESA is Powered Off
Net: egiga0 [PRIME]
Hit any key to stop autoboot: 0
Reset IDE:
Marvell Serial ATA Adapter
Integrated Sata device found
Device 0: OK
Model: SAMSUNG HD103UI Firm: 1AA01113 Ser#: S1LMJ1KQBXXXXX
Type: Hard Disk
Supports 48-bit addressing
Capacity: 953869.7 MB = 931.5 GB (1953525168 x 512)
ext2load ide 0:2 1000000 /boot/uImage
1416268 bytes read
bootm 1000000
## Booting image at 01000000 ...
Image Name: Linux-2.6.12.6-arm1
Created: 2008-01-03 20:03:43 UTC
Image Type: ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)
Data Size: 1416204 Bytes = 1.4 MB
Load Address: 00008000
Entry Point: 00008000
Verifying Checksum ... OK
OK
Starting kernel ...
Uncompressing Linux............................................................................................ done, booting the kernel.
Linux version 2.6.12.6-arm1 (root@oferh-linux) (gcc version 3.4.4 (release) (CodeSourcery ARM 2005q3-2)) #1 Thu Jan 3 22:03:37 IST 2008
CPU: ARM926EJ-Sid(wb) [41069260] revision 0 (ARMv5TEJ)
CPU0: D VIVT write-back cache
CPU0: I cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 1, 32 byte lines, 512 sets
CPU0: D cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 1, 32 byte lines, 512 sets
Machine: Feroceon
Using UBoot passing parameters structure
Memory policy: ECC disabled, Data cache writeback
Built 1 zonelists
Kernel command line: console=ttyS0,115200 devicetype=N828 serial=AS100201290566 temp=45,50 root=/dev/sda2 ro boot_failure temp=45,50 root=/dev/sda2 ro
PID hash table entries: 128 (order: 7, 2048 bytes)
Console: colour dummy device 80x30
Dentry cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
Memory: 8MB 8MB 0MB 0MB = 16MB total
Memory: 13252KB available (1942K code, 879K data, 88K init)
Mount-cache hash table entries: 512
CPU: Testing write buffer coherency: ok
NET: Registered protocol family 16
Sys Clk = 166666667, Tclk = 133333333
CPU Interface
-------------
SDRAM_CS0 ....base 00000000, size 16MB
SDRAM_CS1 ....base 01000000, size 16MB
PEX0_MEM ....base e0000000, size 128MB
PEX0_IO ....base f2000000, size 1MB
INTER_REGS ....base f1000000, size 1MB
NFLASH_CS ....base f9000000, size 2MB
MFLASH_CS ....base f8000000, size 256KB
SPI_CS ....base fa000000, size 8MB
BOOT_ROM_CS ....base fc000000, size 1MB
DEV_BOOTCS ....base fc000000, size 1MB
CRYPT_ENG ....base f0000000, size 64KB
Marvell Development Board (LSP Version 2.2.1_NAS_GDP_Philips_3)-- RD-88F6082-NAS-PH Soc: MV88F6082 Rev 1
Detected Tclk 133333333 and SysClk 166666667
Marvell USB EHCI Host controller #0: c0345b00
PCI: bus0: Fast back to back transfers enabled
SCSI subsystem initialized
usbcore: registered new driver usbfs
usbcore: registered new driver hub
RTC registered
Initialize buttons dev...done
inotify device minor=63
Serial: 8250/16550 driver $Revision: 1.90 $ 4 ports, IRQ sharing disabled
ttyS0 at MMIO 0x0 (irq = 3) is a 16550A
io scheduler noop registered
io scheduler anticipatory registered
loop: loaded (max 8 devices)
Marvell Ethernet Driver 'mv_ethernet':
o Uncached descriptors in DRAM
o DRAM SW cache-coherency
o TCP segmentation offload enabled
o Checksum offload enabled
o Rx desc: 64
o Tx desc: 128
o Loading network interface 'egiga0'
Warning Giga 1 is Powered Off
Intergrated Sata device found
scsi0 : Marvell SCSI to SATA adapter
Vendor: SAMSUNG Model: HD103UI Rev: 1AA0
Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 03
mrvlSCSI: Index <0>, SCSI Target, <0,0,0,0>
mrvlSCSI: Disk will be pinned to <sda>
SCSI device sda: 1953525168 512-byte hdwr sectors (1000205 MB)
SCSI device sda: drive cache: write back
SCSI device sda: 1953525168 512-byte hdwr sectors (1000205 MB)
SCSI device sda: drive cache: write back
sda: sda1 sda2 sda3 sda4 < sda5 sda6 >
Attached scsi disk sda at scsi0, channel 0, id 0, lun 0
Attached scsi generic sg0 at scsi0, channel 0, id 0, lun 0, type 0
ehci_platform ehci_platform.70059: EHCI Host Controller
ehci_platform ehci_platform.70059: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1
ehci_platform ehci_platform.70059: irq 17, io mem 0x00000000
ehci_platform ehci_platform.70059: park 0
ehci_platform ehci_platform.70059: USB 0.0 initialized, EHCI 1.00, driver 10 Dec 2004
hub 1-0:1.0: USB hub found
hub 1-0:1.0: 1 port detected
USB Universal Host Controller Interface driver v2.2
Initializing USB Mass Storage driver...
usbcore: registered new driver usb-storage
USB Mass Storage support registered.
mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
NET: Registered protocol family 2
IP: routing cache hash table of 512 buckets, 4Kbytes
TCP established hash table entries: 1024 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
TCP bind hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 1024 bind 1024)
NET: Registered protocol family 1
NET: Registered protocol family 17
kjournald starting. Commit interval 5 seconds
EXT3-fs: mounted filesystem with ordered data mode.
VFS: Mounted root (ext3 filesystem) readonly.
Freeing init memory: 88K
EXT3-fs warning: maximal mount count reached, running e2fsck is recommended
EXT3 FS on sda2, internal journal
kjournald starting. Commit interval 5 seconds
EXT3 FS on sda5, internal journal
EXT3-fs: recovery complete.
EXT3-fs: mounted filesystem with ordered data mode.
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 263204864 bytes
Adding 257032k swap on /dev/sda3. Priority:-1 extents:1
inserting kernel modules:
NTFS driver 2.1.22 [Flags: R/O MODULE].
* Initial Orion-Nas XML configuration file... [ OK ]
* Generating Hosts File... [ OK ]
* Configuring System Hostname... [ OK ]
* Configuring System Users... passwd[318]: password for `dummy' changed by user `root'
API[2000/10/28 12:15:59] userfunc_users_commit.finc(89)[300]: userfunc_users_commit: no smb user for dummy.
[ OK ]
* Configuring Loopback Interface... [ OK ]
* Configuring LAN interface... egiga0: link down
egiga0: link up, full duplex, speed 100 Mbps
[ OK ]
* Configuring Samba... [ OK ]
* Starting udevd... [ OK ]
* Configuring Disks... [ OK ]
* Starting mount of volumes...
- Mounting volume Default:
FAT: bogus number of reserved sectors
VFS: Can't find a valid FAT filesystem on dev sda6.
API[2000/10/28 12:16:07] dm_mount_all.finc(59)[300]: Failed to mount /share/1000
[ Fail ]
* Finishing mount of volumes... [ Fail ]
* Starting web server... [ OK ]
* Initializing Timezone... [ OK ]
* Starting NTP client... [ OK ]
* Configuring Samba... [ OK ]
* Starting Samba Daemons... [ OK ]
* Starting dropbear... [ OK ]
* Starting syncawayd... [ OK ]
* No Media Server...,QOSd... * Starting FTP Service... [ OK ]
* Starting fanctld... [ OK ]
* Starting btnsctld... [ OK ]
* Starting Marvell Discovery Daemon... scsi: unknown opcode 0x0c
[ OK ]
*** Marvell Semiconductors ltd.
built on: Thu Jan 3 23:18:50 IST 2008
LAN IP address: 192.168.1.34 (DHCP)
Port configuration:
LAN -> egiga0
BusyBox v1.01 (2008.01.03-20:00+0000) Built-in shell (ash)
Enter 'help' for a list of built-in commands.
~ #
Bootlog of fvdw v5.1:
- Code: Select all
Bootstrap 02.09
__ __ _ _
| \/ | __ _ _ ____ _____| | |
| |\/| |/ _` | '__\ \ / / _ \ | |
| | | | (_| | | \ V / __/ | |
|_| |_|\__,_|_| \_/ \___|_|_|
_ _ ____ _
| | | | | __ ) ___ ___ | |_
| | | |___| _ \ / _ \ / _ \| __|
| |_| |___| |_) | (_) | (_) | |_
\___/ |____/ \___/ \___/ \__| ** LOADER **
** MARVELL BOARD: RD-88F6082-NAS-PH LE
U-Boot 1.1.4 (Jul 11 2007 - 13:50:32) Marvell version: 2.3.9_3-TINY
U-Boot code: 00200000 -> 0023EE00 BSS: -> 0024CF30
Soc: 88F6082 A1 (DDR1)
CPU running @ 333Mhz
SysClock = 166Mhz , TClock = 133Mhz
DRAM CS[0] base 0x00000000 size 8MB
DRAM CS[1] base 0x01000000 size 8MB
DRAM Total size 16MB 16bit width
[256kB@f8100000] Flash: 256 kB
Addresses 4M - 0M are saved for the U-Boot usage.
Mem malloc Initialization (4M - 3M): Done
CPU : ARM926 (Rev 0)
USB 0: host mode
Warning: Pex0 is Powered Off
Warning: Giga1 is Powered Off
Warning: CESA is Powered Off
Net: egiga0 [PRIME]
Hit any key to stop autoboot: 0
Reset IDE:
Marvell Serial ATA Adapter
Integrated Sata device found
Device 0: OK
Model: SAMSUNG HD103UI Firm: 1AA01113 Ser#: S1LMJ1KQBXXXXX
Type: Hard Disk
Supports 48-bit addressing
Capacity: 953869.7 MB = 931.5 GB (1953525168 x 512)
ext2load ide 0:2 1000000 /boot/uImage
1168804 bytes read
bootm 1000000
## Booting image at 01000000 ...
Image Name: Linux-2.6.12.6-arm1
Created: 2009-02-08 18:16:11 UTC
Image Type: ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)
Data Size: 1168740 Bytes = 1.1 MB
Load Address: 00008000
Entry Point: 00008000
Verifying Checksum ... OK
OK
Starting kernel ...
Uncompressing Linux............................................................................. done, booting the kernel.
Linux version 2.6.12.6-arm1 (root@dhcppc9) (gcc version 3.4.4 (release) (CodeSourcery ARM 2005q3-2)) #2 Sun Feb 8 19:15:59 CET 2009
CPU: ARM926EJ-Sid(wb) [41069260] revision 0 (ARMv5TEJ)
CPU0: D VIVT write-back cache
CPU0: I cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 1, 32 byte lines, 512 sets
CPU0: D cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 1, 32 byte lines, 512 sets
Machine: Feroceon
Using UBoot passing parameters structure
Memory policy: ECC disabled, Data cache writeback
Built 1 zonelists
Kernel command line: console=ttyS0,115200 devicetype=N828 serial=AS100201290566 temp=45,50 root=/dev/sda2 ro boot_failure temp=45,50 root=/dev/sda2 ro
PID hash table entries: 128 (order: 7, 2048 bytes)
Console: colour dummy device 80x30
Dentry cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
Memory: 8MB 8MB 0MB 0MB = 16MB total
Memory: 13740KB available (1973K code, 357K data, 88K init)
Mount-cache hash table entries: 512
CPU: Testing write buffer coherency: ok
NET: Registered protocol family 16
Sys Clk = 166666667, Tclk = 133333333
CPU Interface
-------------
SDRAM_CS0 ....base 00000000, size 16MB
SDRAM_CS1 ....base 01000000, size 16MB
PEX0_MEM ....base e0000000, size 128MB
PEX0_IO ....base f2000000, size 1MB
INTER_REGS ....base f1000000, size 1MB
NFLASH_CS ....base f9000000, size 2MB
MFLASH_CS ....base f8000000, size 256KB
SPI_CS ....base fa000000, size 8MB
BOOT_ROM_CS ....base fc000000, size 1MB
DEV_BOOTCS ....base fc000000, size 1MB
CRYPT_ENG ....base f0000000, size 64KB
Marvell Development Board (LSP Version 2.2.1_NAS_GDP_Philips_3)-- RD-88F6082-NAS-PH Soc: MV88F6082 Rev 1
Detected Tclk 133333333 and SysClk 166666667
Marvell USB EHCI Host controller #0: c02cbb00
PCI: bus0: Fast back to back transfers enabled
SCSI subsystem initialized
usbcore: registered new driver usbfs
usbcore: registered new driver hub
RTC registered
Initialize buttons dev...done
Fast Floating Point Emulator V0.9 (c) Peter Teichmann.
inotify device minor=63
Initializing Cryptographic API
Serial: 8250/16550 driver $Revision: 1.90 $ 4 ports, IRQ sharing disabled
ttyS0 at MMIO 0x0 (irq = 3) is a 16550A
io scheduler noop registered
io scheduler anticipatory registered
loop: loaded (max 8 devices)
Marvell Ethernet Driver 'mv_ethernet':
o Uncached descriptors in DRAM
o DRAM SW cache-coherency
o TCP segmentation offload enabled
o Checksum offload enabled
o Rx desc: 64
o Tx desc: 128
o Loading network interface 'egiga0'
Warning Giga 1 is Powered Off
Intergrated Sata device found
scsi0 : Marvell SCSI to SATA adapter
Vendor: SAMSUNG Model: HD103UI Rev: 1AA0
Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 03
mrvlSCSI: Index <0>, SCSI Target, <0,0,0,0>
mrvlSCSI: Disk will be pinned to <sda>
SCSI device sda: 1953525168 512-byte hdwr sectors (1000205 MB)
SCSI device sda: drive cache: write back
SCSI device sda: 1953525168 512-byte hdwr sectors (1000205 MB)
SCSI device sda: drive cache: write back
sda: sda1 sda2 sda3 sda4 < sda5 sda6 >
Attached scsi disk sda at scsi0, channel 0, id 0, lun 0
Attached scsi generic sg0 at scsi0, channel 0, id 0, lun 0, type 0
ehci_platform ehci_platform.70059: EHCI Host Controller
ehci_platform ehci_platform.70059: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1
ehci_platform ehci_platform.70059: irq 17, io mem 0x00000000
ehci_platform ehci_platform.70059: park 0
ehci_platform ehci_platform.70059: USB 0.0 initialized, EHCI 1.00, driver 10 Dec 2004
hub 1-0:1.0: USB hub found
hub 1-0:1.0: 1 port detected
USB Universal Host Controller Interface driver v2.2
Initializing USB Mass Storage driver...
usbcore: registered new driver usb-storage
USB Mass Storage support registered.
mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
NET: Registered protocol family 2
IP: routing cache hash table of 512 buckets, 4Kbytes
TCP established hash table entries: 1024 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
TCP bind hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 1024 bind 1024)
NET: Registered protocol family 1
NET: Registered protocol family 17
kjournald starting. Commit interval 5 seconds
EXT3-fs: mounted filesystem with ordered data mode.
VFS: Mounted root (ext3 filesystem) readonly.
Freeing init memory: 88K
EXT3-fs warning: maximal mount count reached, running e2fsck is recommended
EXT3 FS on sda2, internal journal
rm: cannot remove `/proc': No such file or directory
kjournald starting. Commit interval 5 seconds
EXT3 FS on sda5, internal journal
EXT3-fs: recovery complete.
EXT3-fs: mounted filesystem with ordered data mode.
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 263204864 bytes
Adding 257032k swap on /dev/sda3. Priority:-1 extents:1
inserting kernel modules:
nbd: registered device at major 43
Installing knfsd (copyright (C) 1996 okir@monad.swb.de).
NTFS driver 2.1.22 [Flags: R/O MODULE].
usbcore: registered new driver usbserial
drivers/usb/serial/usb-serial.c: USB Serial Driver core v2.0
pegasus: v0.6.12 (2005/01/13), Pegasus/Pegasus II USB Ethernet driver
usbcore: registered new driver pegasus
drivers/usb/serial/usb-serial.c: USB Serial support registered for PL-2303
usbcore: registered new driver pl2303
drivers/usb/serial/pl2303.c: Prolific PL2303 USB to serial adaptor driver v0.12
PHP Warning: PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library '/usr/lib/php/extensions/pdo.so' - /usr/lib/php/extensions/pdo.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory in Unknown on line 0
* Initial Orion-Nas XML configuration file... [ OK ]
* Generating Hosts File... [ OK ]
* Configuring System Hostname... [ OK ]
* Configuring System Users... passwd[394]: password for `dummy' changed by user `root'
API[2000/10/28 14:29:47] userfunc_users_commit.finc(91)[376]: userfunc_users_commit: no smb user for dummy.
[ OK ]
* Configuring Loopback Interface... [ OK ]
* Configuring Samba... [ OK ]
* Configuring LAN interface... egiga0: link down
egiga0: link up, full duplex, speed 100 Mbps
[ OK ]
* Starting udevd... [ OK ]
* Configuring Disks... [ OK ]
* Starting mount of volumes...
- Mounting volume Default:
kjournald starting. Commit interval 5 seconds
EXT3 FS on sda6, internal journal
EXT3-fs: recovery complete.
EXT3-fs: mounted filesystem with ordered data mode.
[ OK ]
* Finishing mount of volumes... [ OK ]
* Starting web server... [ OK ]
* Initializing Timezone... [ OK ]
* Starting NTP client... [ OK ]
* Configuring Samba... [ OK ]
* Starting dropbear... [ OK ]
* Starting syncawayd... [ OK ]
* No Media Server...,QOSd... * Starting FTP Service... [ OK ]
* Starting fanctld... [ OK ]
* Starting btnsctld... [ OK ]
* Starting Marvell Discovery Daemon... [ OK ]
scsi: unknown opcode 0x0c
PHP Warning: PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library '/usr/lib/php/extensions/pdo.so' - /usr/lib/php/extensions/pdo.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory in Unknown on line 0
*** Marvell Semiconductors ltd.
This is PHILIPS-NAS version: 1.2.9.fw
built on: Sun Feb 12 21:00:00 IST 2009
LAN IP address: 192.168.1.34 (DHCP)
Port configuration:
LAN -> egiga0
BusyBox v1.01 (2008.01.03-20:00+0000) Built-in shell (ash)
Enter 'help' for a list of built-in commands.
~ #
Bootlog of fvdw v9.0_5.1lower:
- Code: Select all
Bootstrap 02.09
__ __ _ _
| \/ | __ _ _ ____ _____| | |
| |\/| |/ _` | '__\ \ / / _ \ | |
| | | | (_| | | \ V / __/ | |
|_| |_|\__,_|_| \_/ \___|_|_|
_ _ ____ _
| | | | | __ ) ___ ___ | |_
| | | |___| _ \ / _ \ / _ \| __|
| |_| |___| |_) | (_) | (_) | |_
\___/ |____/ \___/ \___/ \__| ** LOADER **
** MARVELL BOARD: RD-88F6082-NAS-PH LE
U-Boot 1.1.4 (Jul 11 2007 - 13:50:32) Marvell version: 2.3.9_3-TINY
U-Boot code: 00200000 -> 0023EE00 BSS: -> 0024CF30
Soc: 88F6082 A1 (DDR1)
CPU running @ 333Mhz
SysClock = 166Mhz , TClock = 133Mhz
DRAM CS[0] base 0x00000000 size 8MB
DRAM CS[1] base 0x01000000 size 8MB
DRAM Total size 16MB 16bit width
[256kB@f8100000] Flash: 256 kB
Addresses 4M - 0M are saved for the U-Boot usage.
Mem malloc Initialization (4M - 3M): Done
CPU : ARM926 (Rev 0)
USB 0: host mode
Warning: Pex0 is Powered Off
Warning: Giga1 is Powered Off
Warning: CESA is Powered Off
Net: egiga0 [PRIME]
Hit any key to stop autoboot: 0
Reset IDE:
Marvell Serial ATA Adapter
Integrated Sata device found
Device 0: OK
Model: SAMSUNG HD103UI Firm: 1AA01113 Ser#: S1LMJ1KQBXXXXX
Type: Hard Disk
Supports 48-bit addressing
Capacity: 953869.7 MB = 931.5 GB (1953525168 x 512)
ext2load ide 0:1 1000000 /boot/uImage
1848048 bytes read
bootm 1000000
## Booting image at 01000000 ...
Image Name: Linux-2.6.33.1
Created: 2011-08-11 16:26:03 UTC
Image Type: ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)
Data Size: 1847984 Bytes = 1.8 MB
Load Address: 00008000
Entry Point: 00008000
Verifying Checksum ... OK
OK
Starting kernel ...
Uncompressing Linux... done, booting the kernel.